“It is a distinction to have many virtues, but a hard lot”
-by Friedrich Nietzsche
Depending on where you look, there can be dozens of virtues listed.
The Virtues Project online has an extensive list of different virtues from various sources, over fifty total. Over time people have expanded on the list and recognize different traits that are good for a noble and better personality, but in the end many can be classified within other virtues.
The Romans lived by the four primary virtues listed above, although they recognized other virtues.
FORTITUDE
Although fortitude is a kind of courage, it means more than that. Fortitude is a steadfast adherence to a goal, it is staying with what must be done because it is right, even if it becomes difficult, frightening, expensive, or has a personal cost. Fortitude is the virtue that keeps you going when you know you must make it to the end, for a right and good goal. A lack of fortitude makes people want to give up when the going gets tough, to abandon a project because it does not show sudden, swift success, and to leave when it is expensive or frightening.
It is a lack of fortitude, for example, that leads people to wish to abandon Iraq to the death squads because the news focuses on the bad, because it is expensive, and because we have not seen total success in a single news cycle. It is fortitude that makes the soldiers stay and fight and work, that gives President Bush the drive to see it through. It is fortitude we need for the sake of our children and the Iraqis themselves.
Our society, focused on the short-term benefit, comfort, and ease has all but abandoned fortitude for the sake of pleasure. If it does not make us entertained, happy, or rich in a short time, it is considered poor entertainment, unhappy, or a bad investment. Fortitude is what keeps families together even though it is hard or unpleasant. Fortitude is what gives students the drive to finish college. Fortitude is what lets someone start in the mail room and make it to CEO.
In Fortitude contains my virtues within it, sub categories that can be exemplified by someone truly virtuous:
- Integrity - consistency in life, adhering to a constant pattern of virtue, even when it is difficult or counterproductive. Holding to virtues regardless of gain or loss.
- Magnanimity - a reaching for great things and true honor without failing to be humble.
- Munificence - the willingness to incur great personal expense for the cause of a great work.
- Patience - the tendency to face difficulty and evil with equanimity, without being depressed or miserable.
- Perseverance - the drive to continue good work in the face of any obstacle.

JUSTICE
This is the virtue that seeks to treat each person based upon the content of their character and their deeds rather than their status. It disposes one to give each person their due and to respect the rights of others. A just man will not treat someone good or ill merely based upon their appearance or status in society, but will instead treat them as reason and ethics demands. An unjust person will consider the ethnicity or gender of someone sufficient for ill or good treatment. An unjust person will ignore what is right and good for what is prevalent in society or based on personal prejudice.
An example of injustice is the idea of slave reparations. Forcing someone to pay the great grandchildren of people that one's ancestors 3 generations removed mistreated is not just. Justice requires the right treatment of all people based upon their character, not their color of skin or background. Justice treats the bum in rags with the same nobility as the wealthy, beautiful celebrity or Senator.
Today, concepts such as social justice attempt to set people into groups so they are considered as a mass rather than by individual merits. Minorities must be given special treatment because at some point they were in history ill treated. This is unjust, not only to the group in question, but to those not in the group.
Other virtues related to and part of Justice are these:
- Affability - treating one's fellow man without assuming the worst, behaving appropriately to each in social dealings.
- Gratitude - the proper recognition of benefits that one has been given.
- Liberality - the tendency to be willing to give when appropriate, deserved or proper
- Piety - the proper recognition of duties and honors one owes to parents, country, and God.
TEMPERANCE
Temperance is the virtue that rejects pleasure, comfort, and ease when inappropriate or in unreasonable amounts. A temperate man is one that will not overdo in anything, be it food, work, sex, entertainment, hobbies, or any other part of life. Temperance restrains a virtuous person to the appropriate amounts of any given task or pleasure. Intemperance drives the workaholic to extremes, whatever the excuses. It drives those who drink to excess for fun, it drives those who play video games hours a day or browse the internet all day long. Intemperance is a hallmark of modern society, it is relied upon for advertising, for income.
Temperance is what keeps someone from eating an entire bag of candy at once sitting or skipping work to play golf, again. Temperance in our society is not only nearly missing, but is mocked and shamed. Refusing to do something because it would be unseemly or too much is laughed at as "puritanical" or acting like an old woman. A temperate person stands out more than almost any other virtue.
Related to temperance are these virtues:
- Abstinence - moderation in eating and sexual activity (such as waiting til one marries), this is related to chastity.
- Modesty - moderation in how one appears, the desire to show temperance and humility in appearance and the desire not to unreasonably incite sexual desire and thoughts in others.
- Sobriety - moderation in drink and the use of other intoxicants such as tobacco and drugs.
WISDOM
Discernment and wisdom are among the most difficult of virtues to obtain and emulate. A wise person is one that is able to make proper decisions and analyze situations, people, and statements for their true meaning. Not only that, but wisdom tells someone where an act or statement leads to, what comes next and why that is important, good, or ill. Wisdom is entirely separate from intelligence, and is sometimes referred to as "common sense," or the ability to know inherently whether something is a good idea or not.
A wise man will make few poor choices, or making them, does so out of a greater calling for good and right. Wisdom leads not to a path of ease, but a path of fewest errors and regrets. The unwise does not consider the consequences of what happens, nor what an action or statement might lead to. An unwise person considers only the immediate benefit, or what is emotionally compelling.
In our society, what makes for good impressions and feels right is chosen far more than what is most wise. Wisdom is often considered illogical or discarded because it often cannot be proven through scientific effort or logic. Wisdom is the weight of experience given form, so that while one may not be able to prove that eating properly is a good habit to form that will benefit one later, it is true. Wisdom recognizes that exceptions do not make a rule, and that proof does not require the absence of any possible questions, only unreasonable ones.
Related to Wisdom are these virtues:
- Frugality - the proper use of one's resources, living within one's means without waste and excess.
- Gravitas - self control, the lack of personal excess and consideration of consequences in life.
- Prudence - the right method of conduct, choosing the most appropriate action.
Seneca postulated that Prudence alone encompasses all the virtues, since a prudent person will take the right action and do the right thing in every situation, thus exemplifying each virtue in their behavior and deeds. A Prudent person will be just, temperate, and have fortitude, for example. Such a person can only be able to make such choices, he argued, by being prudent inherently, being a wise and virtuous person within.
In addition to the primary Roman virtues, there are others that history has taught. The Roman Catholic Church taught the seven deadly sins (Pride, Envy, Gluttony, Lust, Anger, Greed, and Sloth), to which they offered seven virtues that would counter these and lead to proper, pious living. These virtues were (in addition to Justice, Temperance, and Wisdom): Courage, Love, Hope, and Faith.
From the many virtues, I'd like to list the main, most important ones missing in our culture or misunderstood greatly in our culture. There are dozens, literally, that could be added, although almost all of them are actually parts of a greater virtue like patience is part of Temperance.
"We would frequently be ashamed of our good deeds if people saw all of the motives that produced them."
-La Rochefoucauld
COURAGE
In addition to the previously listed virtues, the Roman Catholic Church considered Courage important. This was, indeed, a Roman virtue as well. Courage is not fearlessness, it is the ability to function and do what is right even
while one is afraid. Fear does not indicate a lack of courage - failing to act properly out of fear does. My favorite example of courage is in To Kill a Mockingbird. Scout considers her father Atticus Finch to be the height of courage because
he alone in the town stood up to a rabid dog and shot him in the streets. This did take a sort of courage, but Atticus wanted Scout to understand this virtue better.
He had Scout spend the whole summer reading to and spending time with an old woman who was dying. The old woman smelled funny, was boring and confused, drooled and was in general someone no child would want to spend time with. But Scout spent time each day the whole summer with this woman until she died. Courage is doing what is right even if you personally do not want to - it is related to fortitude in this way.
A lack of courage leads one to take the easiest path, to avoid things one does not prefer to do, and to show intemperance in life. Cowardly behavior leads one to avoid virtue because those around may mock or belittle you. Courage requires one to do what is right, even if the world says one is wrong. Courage requires one to do what is right and be ready to pay the price - because there almost always is one.
HONESTY
Honesty is more than telling the truth. It is a rejection of deception, manipulation, and trickery at any level. An honest person will avoid doing something that might mislead someone. Honesty embraces the truth, desiring to avoid any misconceptions. Honesty will speak truthfully and without manipulation even if it means personal injury or lack of gain, and will fight against lies and deception. Honesty is the opposite of spin; to spin something is to restate it in a manner that is beneficial to one's self, to emphasize that which is good and ignore that which is bad.
Dishonesty is common in our culture. Advertising revels in this, while winking at the viewers. Ads will overtly state a product to have virtues it lacks, or to give benefits that are absurdly improbable. Use this body spray, boys, and beautiful girls will tear your clothes off to have sex with you in large groups. Drive this car and you will be happy, considered powerful and sexy, and have fun. Drink this beer and a party will erupt. More than that, dishonesty is defended as what reasonable people engage in. Telling the truth is hurtful, is mean, and is bad policy. Lying about some things is only reasonable, even if it is under oath to a grand jury.
Honesty is not a weapon to bludgeon people with, it is a tool to greater virtue and honor. Honesty leads you to avoid lies and deception, but does not compel you to hurtful revelations. Being honest does not require someone to tell the plain truth at all times to all people in the most stark manner - that is cruelty disguising its self as honesty. Honesty as a virtue is tempered by Wisdom and Love.
"Search others for their virtues, thyself for thy vices."
-by Benjamin Franklin

HUMILITY
Humility is one of the least understood virtues. To many, humility means to publicly decry or downplay whatever one does, to always point out one's failures. Humility is considered a way to attract positive attention, to seem like the better man by self deprecation. True humility is simply the proper recognition of one's value and worth. It is a relative understanding of what someone really is, not a rejection of one's value. By understanding the validity, value, and importance of whoever one is dealing with, one can be humble by recognizing one's relative faults or lacks thereof. Someone may be poor and of low status, but they might have a noble perseverance in work, a simplicity of life, a higher virtue of temperance and fortitude.
Humility is not humiliation or self-abasement. It is proper perspective - you are no better than any other man, and he in fact will have virtues and strengths you may lack. A just and wise person will always be humble.
A false humility is common in our culture, with people seeking a better public image by downplaying themselves. False humility is extremely common when given a compliment - pointing out personal fault, brushing it aside. But in fact, true humility embraces a compliment not for self advancement, but because of a genuine appreciation for the gift offered and a real enjoyment of someone's goodwill. Children excel at this, they will often show genuine gratitude over a compliment. Why? Because they think so greatly of the person giving a compliment, not because they think so greatly of themselves. The focus of a humble person is not upon themselves, but upon others, upon those they deal with.
LOVE
The number one most misunderstood virtue of our times, and many times before it. To love is not to experience vast emotional stirring and a floating, dizzying high. Love is not infatuation, love is not affection. Love is much greater and is easier to understand if a different word is used: Charity.
Love, the real thing, will give evidence by emotional surges from time to time, but is a constant, steady, and underlying presence. One may dislike, temporarily at least, someone that they love. One may not think about someone they love at all times. It is infatuation or sexual desire that is most often meant when someone mentions love in our culture. The feeling that one is walking on air, the constant reference to them in your mind, the compulsion to be with them and the tearing pain of separation - those can be evidences of love, but are not love themselves.
Charity, or real Love is selfless. Love concerns the other person more than one's self, is most concerned for what is best for them. Love wants the other person's well being and success, happiness and health more than any possible benefit for one's self. Truly loving someone means being willing to correct and teach them, stop them from evil, and even to punish them for doing wrong. To fail to punish wickedness is cowardice and laziness, not love.
One does not show love toward children or students or those under you in employment if you do not punish them for wrongdoing. To fail to do so does not consider their best interests, their well-being, and their future. It is a false sense of love that lets a child do whatever he or she wants, without limits or discipline - the results are easy to see for all around you.
Love, real love, is what the world needs - but what is offered in it's place is foolish, unjust, and unloving. Love does not let the terrorist attack without facing justice. Love does not ignore the wrongdoing of someone because they seem penitent. Love does not ignore the wrong someone does because they have had a hard life. Love seeks what is best for someone,
even if they personally happen to dislike it or consider it unloving at the time.Related to Charity is Compassion, which is the ability to feel or sympathize with the pain and difficulty of someone. Compassion understands their anger, their pain, their frustration. Compassion is able to recognize and judge based on someone's life and what they have experienced, to empathize with people. Compassion is not an excuse to ignore their actions, but it allows someone to be wiser in understanding their actions and behavior, and can lead to Mercy.
“The quality of mercy is not strained; It droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven Upon the place beneath. It is twice blessed- It blesseth him that gives, and him that takes.”
-Merchant of Venice (Act 4, Scene 1)
MERCY
Mercy is another often misunderstood virtue. One cannot require mercy, or compel it. Mercy must be granted entirely by choice and without law. If Mercy is compelled, it ceases to be merciful in any way. We must be just, we
may be merciful. Mercy is showing leniency or compassion to someone who does not deserve such. A merciful person is willing to give someone a second chance, even when they clearly deserve punishment - but never arbitrarily. Mercy is not an end unto its self,
ever. Mercy is to a purpose, for a reason, to a greater, higher end. One is not merciful simply to show mercy, but to lead one to repentance, to lead one to virtue, to learning, and to right living.
Mercy simply to be merciful is not a virtue at all, it is simply a lack of the virtue Justice. To absolve someone of crime simply because one wants to be merciful not only misunderstands mercy, but misunderstands justice. The person who is forgiven without reason or purpose, without a higher end will lead them to greater, not lesser vice.
TOLERANCE
Yes, tolerance is considered a virtue in our society. In some ways it is considered the highest, if not the
only virtue. But the word "tolerance" used to day is not what tolerance really means. True tolerance is the tolerance of persons and their beliefs, but
not their actions. If one tolerates evil, then one is unjust. Tolerance is not simply allowing anyone to do whatever they want, it is allowing anyone to believe and be whatever they want. You can believe what you wish, but you cannot
do whatever you wish, some things are actually wrong and not to be tolerated.
To some degree, everyone still follows this pattern, even the rabid psychopath has limits of behavior they will not tolerate, in others at least. Society does not tolerate racism, theft, rape, and so on. But today tolerance has been almost totally inverted. Now tolerance means accepting whatever someone does, but not their beliefs in many cases. Modern tolerance views strong religious conviction with suspicion - especially orthodox Christianity - but behavior with a shrug. Modern tolerance is considered a great thing to do, when it is actually often a very minor thing.
Tolerance means putting up with that which you do not like. It is not a kind thing to do to others, it's not a good thing.
The world does not need more Tolerance, it needs more Love. Tolerance puts up with other people, Love wishes best for them and helps them achieve it. Tolerance is dry, cold, and disconnected. Love is compassionate, caring and interested.
When Tolerance is a virtue is when it allows one to put up with people that one disagrees with or finds disagreeable. As long as they are not doing evil or wrong, one ought to be tolerated. It shows patience with others, humility in the recognition that I'm probably obnoxious to others, justice in that one must not be punished for not doing wrong, and charity in being kind to someone who may be confused or mistaken. Tolerance is a cold virtue, but a virtue if properly practiced.
"Blushing is the color of virtue."
-Diogenes
Let me end this overly long excessive essay with a brief caveat. I fail in all of these. I do not exemplify these virtues, I exemplify many if not all vices. The big danger in writing this kind of thing is that people might come to the mistaken conclusion that the writer either thinks or actually is that which he advises and calls to. All of us together must be better people.
But why? Why be better? Why have these virtues, why work toward this? What difference does it make to be a virtuous person? And how does one cultivate such virtues? This essay is too long already. So I'll try to tackle that next week.
"To many people virtue consists chiefly in repenting faults, not in avoiding them."
-Georg Christoph Lichtenberg
*UPDATE: Tolerance is no virtue, I was in error. Examining the concept more closely I see that proper Tolerance appears to be a virtue because proper tolerance involves the exercise of other virtues, such as discernment and fortitude. More on this next week.
This is part one of the Considering Virtues series
Part 2:
The Care and Feeding of Virtue pt 1Part 3:
The Care and Feeding of Virtue pt 2
Essays